Kalispel Cases
kalispel cases
History of the Indian race
INTRODUCTION
Traditionally, the early United States is considered the history of time European exploration and settlement from the 16th century until today. But people have lived in America for more 30,000 years before European settlers arrived.
When Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador in 1492, he was greeted by a brown-skinned people whose physical appearance confirmed his opinion that he had finally reached India and, therefore, he called Indios, Indians, a name which, however mistaken in its first application continued to hold its own, and has long won general acceptance, except in strictly scientific writing, where the American term is more accurate commonly used. As exploration was extended north and south it was found that the same breed was spread throughout the continent from the shores of the Arctic to Cape Horn, the same everywhere in the main physical characteristics, with the exception of the Eskimo Far North (whose characteristics suggest Mongolia).
OVERVIEW
Origin and Antiquity
origins several have been attributed to the Indian race. The explanation more or less follows beleivable. At the height of the Ice Age, between 34,000 and 30,000 BC much of the water in the world was contained in vast continental ice sheets. Accordingly, the Bering Sea was hundreds meters below its present level, and a land bridge, known as Beringia, emerged between Asia and North America. At its peak, Beringia is thought to have been some 1,500 kilometers wide. A wet tundra and treeless, it was covered with grasses and plants to attract large animals that early humans hunted for their survival. The first to reach North America almost certainly aware that they had crossed into a new continent. They were after the game, like their ancestors for thousands of years along the coast Siberia, then across the isthmus.
Type racing
The most marked physical characteristics of the type of Indian race are brown skin, dark brown eyes, high cheekbones, black hair, beard and scarcity. The color is not red, as is usually assumed, but varies from very light in some tribes, like the Cheyenne, to almost black in others, such as the Caddo and Tarimari. In some tribes, such as the Flatheads, the skin has a distinct yellow cast. The hair is brown in childhood, but always black in adults until it becomes gray with age. Baldness is almost unknown. The eye is not held as open as in the Caucasus and seems better adapted to distance than to close work. The nose is usually straight and well formed, and in some tribes strongly aquiline. Their hands and their feet are relatively small. Size and weight vary among Europeans, the Pueblos average, but a little over five feet, while the Cheyenne and Arapaho are exceptionally tall, and Tehuelche of Patagonia almost massive in construction. In general, the desert Indians, as Apache, are spare and muscular build, while those woodlands are heavier, but not proportionately stronger. Beard is still thin, but increases with the mixture of white blood. The misconception that the Indian has naturally no beard is due to the fact that in most tribes, it is ripped as fast as it grows, the eyebrows are treated the same way. There is no tribe of "white Indians", but albinos with blond skin, weak pink eyes and almost white hair are sometimes found, especially among the Pueblos.
Major cultural areas
Of prehistory to the recent historical period, there were about six major cultural areas, excluding that of the Arctic (See Eskimo), ie, Northwest Coast, Plains, Plateau, Eastern Woodlands, North and Southwest.
· The area of the Northwest Coast
The north-west along the extension area the Pacific coast of southern Alaska to northern California. The main language families in this area were the Nadene in the north and the Wakashan (a subdivision Wakashan language of the Algonquian stock) and the Tsimshian (a subdivision of the Penutian linguistic stock) in the central area. Typical tribes were the Kwakiutl, Haida, Tsimshian, and the Nootka. Heavily wooded, with a temperate climate and heavy rainfall, the region has long supported a large Native American population. Salmon was the staple food, supplemented by marine mammals (seals and sea lions) and land mammals (deer, elk, and bears) as well as berries and other wild fruits. Natives of this area used wood to build their houses and carved cedar canoes and shelters. In their villages Winter permanent groups had totem poles, which were elaborately carved and covered with symbolic animal decoration. Their artwork for which they are famed, also included the making of ceremonial items, such as rattles and masks, weaving and basketry. They have a company very hierarchical with chiefs, nobles, commoners, and slaves. Public display and disposal of wealth were basic features of society. They had woven robes, furs, hats and baskets as well as armor and helmets made of wood for battle. This distinctive culture, which included rituals cannibals, was not greatly affected by European influences until the late 18th cent. when fur traders white hunters came to the area.
Tribes: Abenaki, Algonquin, Beothuk, Delaware, Erie, Fox, Huron, Illinois, Iroquois, Kickapoo, Mahican, Mascouten, Massachusetts, Mattabesic, Menominee, Metoac, Miami, Micmac, Mohegan, Montagnais, Narragansett, Nauset, Neutrals, Niantic, Nipissing, Nipmuc, Ojibwe, Ottawa, Pennacook, Pequot, Pocumtuck, Potawatomi, Sauk, Shawnee, Susquehannock, Tionontates, Wampanoag, Wappinger, Wenro, Winnebago.
· The Plains region
The Plains area extended from just north of the Canadian border, south through Texas and especially the area of grassland between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountain foothills. The main language families in this area were the Algonquian-Wakashan, Aztecs-Tano, and Hokan-Siouan. In pre-Columbian times, there were two distinct types of Native Americans there: sedentary and nomadic. The sedentary tribes, who had migrated from neighboring regions and had initally ING installed along major valleys, were farmers and lived in permanent villages of earth lodges dome surrounded by earthen walls. They raised corn, squash and beans. The foot nomads, on the other hand, moved with their goods on dog-travois shot and made a meager precarious existence by hunting the vast herds of bison (Bison) - usually by driving them into enclosures or rounding them through the grass fires. They supplement their diet with meat and hides for the corn exchange Native Americans agriculture.
The horse, introduced by the Spanish southwest, appeared in the plains to the early 18th century. and revolutionized life of the Plains Indians. Many Native Americans left their villages and joined the nomads. On horseback and armed with a bow and arrows, they were the bison pastures. Other Native Americans remained farmers (eg, the Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan). Indians surrounding areas is came in the plains (eg, the Sioux of the Great Lakes, the Comanche and Kiowa in western and north-west, and the Navajo and Apache of the south-west). Sign language Universal developed among the perpetually wandering and often warring Native Americans. Living on horseback and in the portable tepee, they preserved food by grinding and drying lean meat and made their clothes from buffalo hides and deer. The system of coup was a characteristic of their society. Other features were rites of fasting in quest of a vision, warrior clans, bead and works of art feathers and skins decorated. These Plains Indians were among the last to engage in a serious struggle with the white settlers in the United States.
Tribes: Arapaho, Arikara, Assiniboine, Bidaayah, Blackfoot, Caddo, Cheyenne, Comanche, Cree, Crow, Dakota (Sioux) Gros Ventre, Hidatsa, Iowa, Kansa, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, kits, Lakota (Sioux), Mandan, Metis, Missouri, Nakota (Sioux), Omaha, Osage, Otoe, Pawnee, Ponca, Sarsi Sutai, Tonkawa, Wichita.
• The Plateau Area
The Plateau expanded over the Canadian border through the mountain and plateau area of the Rockies. south-west and included much of California. Typical tribes were the Spokane, the Paiute, Nez Perce, and Shoshone. This has been an area of great linguistic diversity. Because of the inhospitable environment of cultural development was generally low. American Indians in the Central Valley of California and the California coast, notably the Pomo, were sedentary peoples who collect plants edible roots and fruit and also hunted small game. Their acorn bread, made by pounding acorns into flour, then washing with hot water, was distinctive, and they cooked in baskets filled with water and heated by hot stones. Living in brush shelters or more substantial lean-tos, they had partly buried earth lodges for ceremonies and ritual steam baths. Basketry, coiled and twined, was highly developed. North, between the Cascade and Rockies., social systems, political and religious were simple, and art was nonexistent. Native Americans have suffered (since 1730) a great change culture when they obtained the Plains Indians the horse, the tepee, a form of the sun dance, and deerskin clothes. They continued, however, to fish salmon with nets and spears and to gather camas bulbs. They also gathered ants and other insects and small game hunting and, latterly, buffalo. Their permanent winter villages on waterways had pit boxes with conical roofs, and a few Native Americans lived in houses covered Bark long.
Tribes: Carrier, Cayuse, Coeur D'Alene, Colville, Dock Spus, Eneeshur, Flathead Kalispel, Kawachkin, Kittitas, Klamath, Klickitat, Kosith, Kutenai, Lakes, Lillooet, Methow, Modac, Nez Perce, Okanogan, Palouse, Sanpoil, Shushwap, Sinkiuse, Spokane, Tenino, Thompson, Tyigh, Umatilla, Wallawalla, Wasco, Wauyukma, Wenatchee, Wishram, Wyampum, Yakima:. Achomawi California, Atsugewi, Cahuilla, Chimariko, Chumash, Costanoan, Esselen, Hupa, Karuk, Kawaiisu, Maidu Indians of the mission,, Miwok, Mono, Patwin, Pomo, Serrano, Shasta, tolower, Tubatulabal, Wailaki, Wintu, Wiyot, Yaha, Yokuts, Yuki, Yuman (California).
· The area of eastern forests
The Eastern Woodlands area covered the eastern United States, roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River, and included in the Great Lakes. The Natchez, the Choctaw, Cherokee, and Creek were typical inhabitants. The northern part of this extended area of Canada to Kentucky and Virginia. The locals (speaking languages of the Algonquian Wakashan stock) were hunters and farmers mostly deer, the women tended small plots of corn, squash and beans. The bark canoe gained wide use in this area. The general trend of the existence of these Algonquian peoples and their neighbors, who spoke languages belonging to the branch Iroquoian Hokan-Siouan stock (enemies who had probably invaded from the south) is quite complex. Their diet of deer meat was supplemented by other games (eg, bear), fish (caught with hook, spear, and net), and crustaceans. Cooking is done in vessels of wood and bark or simple black pottery. The dome-shaped wigwam and the longhouse of the Iroquois characterized their housing. The deerskin clothing, paint face and (in the case of men), body and scalp lock of the men (left when hair was shaved on both sides head), are typical. The myths of Manitou (often called Manibozho or Manabaus), the hero who remade the world from mud after a deluge, are also widely known.
The region of South Ohio River to the Gulf of Mexico, with its forests and fertile soil, has been at the heart the southeastern part of the cultural zone Eastern Woodlands. There, before C.500 people were semi-nomadic people who hunted, fished, gathered roots and seeds. Between 500 and 900 they adopted agriculture, tobacco smoking mounds, make pottery, and burial. By around 1300 the agricultural economy is well established, and artifacts found in burial mounds show that trade was widespread. Long before Europeans arrived, the people Natchez and the branches of the Hokan-Siouan family Muskogean language were farmers who used hoes with stone, bone, or shell blades. They hunted bow and blowgun, caught fish by poisoning streams, and gathered berries, fruits, and shellfish. They had excellent pottery, sometimes decorated with abstract figures of animals or humans. Since the war was frequent and intense, the villages were surrounded by palisades wood reinforced with earth. Some of the large villages, usually ceremonial centers, dominated the smaller communities in the surrounding countryside. There were temples for sun worship, rituals were developed and presented an altar with perpetual fire, extinguished and rekindled each year in a "new fire" ceremony. The society was commonly divided into classes, with a chief, his children, nobles and commoners who make up hierarchy. For a discussion of the first forestry groups, see the separate article Eastern Woodlands culture.
Tribes: Acolapissa, Asis, Alibamons, Apalachee, Atakapa, Bayougoula, Biloxi, Calusa, Catawba, Chakchiuma, Cherokee, Chesapeake Algonquin, Chickasaw, Chitamacha, Choctaw, Coushatta, Creek Cusabo, Gaucata, Guale, Hitchiti, Houma, Jeager, Karankawa, Lumbee, Miccosukee, Mobile, Napochi, Nappissa, Natchez, OFO, Powhatan, Quapaw, Seminole, South East Sioux Tekeste, Tidewater Algonquin, Timucua, Tunica, Tuscarora, Yamasee, Yuchi. Bannock, Paiute (Northern), Paiute Sheepeater (south), Shoshone Shoshone (Northern) (West) Ute, Washo.
· Northern Area
The Northern Region covers most Canada, also known as the Subarctic, in the strip semiarctic Rockies. Hudson Bay. The main languages in this area been those of the Algonquian Wakashan and Nadene stocks. Typical of the people there were the Chipewyan. Limiting environmental conditions prevented farming, but hunting, gathering, and activities such as trapping and fishing have been conducted. Nomadic hunters moved with the season of forest to tundra, killing the caribou in players half. Other food was provided by small game, berries and edible roots. Not just food but clothing and even shelter (caribou-skin tents) came from the caribou, and caribou leather thongs the Indians laced their snowshoes and made nets and bags. The racket was one of the most important material culture. The shaman featured in the religion of many of these people.
Tribes: Calapuya, Cathlamet, Chehalis, Chemakum, Chetco, Chilluckkittequaw, Chinook, Clackamas, Clatskanie, Clatsop, Cowich, Cowlitz, Haida, Hoh, klallam, Kwalhioqua, Lushootseed, Makah Molale, Multomah, Oynut, Ozette, Queets, Quileute, Quinault, Rogue River, Siletz, Taidhapam, Tillamook, Tutun, Yakonan.
· The southwest area
The Southwest region generally extended over Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado and Utah. The Uto-Aztecan branch of Aztec-Tanoan linguistic stock was the main language group of the region. Here is a semi-nomadic people called the weavers, who hunted with a propellant, or propellant, acquired (c.1000 BC) the art of cultivating beans and squash, probably from their southern neighbors. They also learned to make pottery Uncooked. They wove baskets, sandals and bags. By c.700 BC they had initiated intensive agriculture, made true pottery, and hunting with a bow and arrows. They lived in pit dwellings, which were partly underground and were covered with stone slabs - the houses known as the slab. A new people came into the area nearly two centuries later, these are the ancestors of Pueblo Indians. They lived in large communal houses terraces placed on ledges of cliffs or canyons for protection and developed a ceremonial chamber (the kiva) of what had been the fair housing pit. This period of development is complete in 1300, after a severe drought and the beginnings of the invasion from the north by the Athabascan language Navajo and Apache. The best known historic Pueblo cultures of these sedentary farming peoples as the Hopi and Zuni then emerged. They grow corn, beans, squash, cotton and tobacco, killed rabbits with a wooden stick to launch, and traded cotton textiles and corn for buffalo meat from nomadic tribes. The men wove cotton and cultivated fields, while Women made pottery polychrome. The mythology and religious ceremonies were complex.
Tribes: Apache (Eastern), Apache (Western), Chemehuevi, Coahuiltec, Hopi, Jano, Manso, Maricopa, Mohave, Navajo, Pai, Papago, Pima, Pueblo (broken into: Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta, Jemez, Laguna, Nambe, Picuris, Pojoaque, Sandia, San Felipe, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Ana, Santa Clara, Santo Domingo, Taos, Tesuque, Zia), Yaqui, Yavapai, Yuman, Zuni. Am strongly thinking
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